Category Archives: Industries

Anhui Yellow Mountain New Countryside Demonstration Project

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World Bank. (2013) Environmental management plan for Huangshan. Vol. 6 of China – Anhui Yellow Mountain New Countryside Demonstration Project : environmental assessment . s.l.] ; [s.n.]
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/06/17991582/china-anhui-yellow-mountain-new-countryside-demonstration-project-environmental-assessment-vol-6-6-environmental-management-plan-huangshan (accessed 12 July 2013).

Abstract

The objectives of the Anhui Yellow Mountain New Countryside Demonstration Project for China are to: (i) submit Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the project to the environmental protection departments of corresponding levels and World Bank (WB) respectively, which should be consistent with their respective regulatory requirements. (ii) assist Project Management Office (PMO) in the preparation of all components required in the environmental assessment process of WB (e.g., consultation with affected persons, information disclosure, etc.); and (iii) conduct due diligence according to the relevant requirements of WB for the project or related activities. Negative impacts include: solid waste, traffic, water pollution, noise pollution, health problems, and poor drainage. Mitigation measures include: (1) disposing domestic garbage of construction work by environmental protection department; (2) planning new construction road for connecting road between local village and remote villages; (3) supervising the dietetic hygiene to avoid poisoning accident; (4) clearing up and renovating land after the completion of construction; (5) providing sewage disposal facilities; (6) carrying out labor protection measures of builders and the builders should wear dust mask; and (7) prohibiting construction work during night to avoid noise pollution.

 

 

Monique Abud

Centre d'études sur la Chine moderne et contemporaine, EHESS, Paris, France

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Interview with Professor Yang Maolin

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访谈内容由杨茂林教授修改后刊出

您认为山西城镇化率背后的意义为何?31keblyke0

2012年，山西省城镇化率首次突破50%，达到51.26%。这表明，在全省常住人口中，居住在城镇区域的人口首次超过了居住在农村区域的人口。这个变化是个不小的进步，标志着山西省城镇化发展进入了一个新的阶段。但对山西城镇化发展而言，除了要顾及发展速度，还必须考虑和提高发展质量，我认为这是今后山西城镇化在新的发展阶段要解决的问题。因此，山西省城镇化的加速发展，不仅要体现规模扩大和速度增加，更要体现质量提升和内涵变化。这也是山西省实现转型跨越发展的基本要求。

目前中国城镇化的主要问题是在加快发展速度的同时，没有相应地提高城市化发展质量，城市发展在整体上并不均衡。比如，城镇人口户籍率就是一个问题，农民到了城市，第二代都出生在城市，实际上已成为城市的一部分，但其户口问题没有解决，没有均等地享受到城市化所带来的发展成果。更为严重的是，随着城市化发展，中国出现了许多社会问题，如城镇承载能力、社会保障、社会治理等，都有待于通过提升质量来解决。我认为，在城市化加速期这一阶段，还存在着发展不均衡、不协调、不完全的问题，“低水平城镇化”的特征还是很突出的。中央政府高度重视这些问题，今年准备召开的全国城镇化工作会议，就要围绕户籍制度改革、土地制度改革、人均建设用地等问题，出台规划纲要，制定配套措施。我相信，经过中央和地方政府的努力，这些问题会逐步解决的。

土地税务是地方政府的重要财政收入之一，2002年国土资源部规定以招标、拍卖或者挂牌方式出让国有土地使用权，此规定也使得房地产在竞价过程中价格飙涨，然而财政部在2011年10月公布了《地方政府自行发债试点办法》，其目的是要解决地方政府对于土地财政的依赖，您认为发债方式是否就能解决土地价格飙涨的问题? 地方发债是否减轻地方政府对于土地税务的依赖?

我觉得解决不了。因为形成地方政府土地财政的背景比较复杂，其中不合理的中央与地方的税入关系是一个重要因素。自1994年分税制后，中央与地方的财权和事权关系不匹配的情况日趋严重，地方政府可用财力严重不足。在税入少且不稳定而事务多且繁重的情况下，地方政府依靠增量土地来拓展财源，依靠土地出让金来满足财政需求就成为一个必然结果。比如，地方政府要搞基础设施建设，要提供公共服务，要达到政绩要求，都需要加大投入力度，都需要多方吸揽资金。在此过程中，出让国有土地使用权以及房地产开发等一系列环节就成为地方政府财政收入的重要的且普遍的途径。这也就是今天被称为地方政府土地财政的由来。据有关统计，到2010年，土地财政收入占地方财政收入的比重达到了68%。在这种财权与事权不一致的体制中，在这种严重的土地依赖的背景下，地方政府自行发债可以缓解地方政府的土地依赖程度，但无疑不会从根本上解决土地财政问题。

事实上，中央与地方财权与事权的调整已成为解决地方政府土地财政的基本途径。因此，必须抓住这个主要问题，全面推进财政体制改革，合理界定中央和地方的财权、事权范围，加大中央财政转移支付的力度。与此同时，还必须真正转变地方政府职能，全面调整地方经济结构。只有这样，才能从根本上解决土地财政问题。

工业化是城镇化中很重要的一部分，各地政府积极发展工业化来推动城市的经济成长，2010年成立的中原经济区是一个横跨河南、山东、山西、安徽不同省份的经济区，城镇化又与税务、行政管理等不同面向有关，就您看来，城市间的合作要如何在中原经济区实现? 有何问题与挑战?

中原经济区是以郑州都市区为核心、范围包括河南省18个市及山东、安徽、河北、山西12个市3个县区，除了山东属于东部地区，其他都是中部地区。就目前中原经济区发展现状来说，尚未形成省省合作的局面；但我认为，在该区域内，城市之间存在着巨大的合作空间，如河南省一些城市就与周边省份一些城市出现了互动合作的趋向。去年，我在郑州参加过一次研讨会，主要内容就是探讨河南省济源市与其相邻的山西省长治市、晋城市、运城市的合作问题。应该说，这些城市都在一小时高速公路圈内，在某些领域有较大的合作空间。比如在旅游产业方面，这些城市既在地理上毗邻，又在高速公路上互通，更有彼此之间在人文历史和民风民俗上的相关性，可以进行合作，通过整合四个城市的旅游景点、规划旅游线路、设计旅游通票、甚至生产旅游纪念品等方式，大力推动该地区的旅游经济。与此同时，这些城市也有产业互补的历史渊源，可以进一步挖掘和扩大。当然，城市之间的合作会受到各自所属行政管理的约束，但是我认为，只要相关方能在战略上找到共同利益，并通过市场方式推动合作，应该是大有作为的。因此，如何建立合作交流机制，如何建立产业互补对接通道，如何完善市场、加速推进区域内生产要素的合理、自由流动，就是摆在城市合作面前的重要问题。省与省之间的合作更应如此。

杨茂林教授相關书籍包括: « 建国后山西重大发展成就及其思考», «县级可持续政治发展研究»等，其他有关袁志刚教授的著作请点击此连结。

 

 

Chi-Han Ai

Ph.D. candidate of EHESS ( École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris) focusing on regional economic development in China and Taiwan.

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Is China about to introduce a national carbon price?

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Arup, Tom. (2013) Where there’s smoke there’s China. The Age World, 8 May (accessed 7 June 2013).

As a former top diplomat in Beijing, and after three decades of professional and personal engagement with the country, Professor Ross Garnaut is no stranger to China.

In January, the respected economist and former Labor climate policy tsar found himself in Beijing again, this time to open a workshop hosted in part by China’s powerful National Development and Reform Commission.

Gathered were a group of international policy wonks, including many Australians and local government officials. They met to discuss options for what some in the public debate deny is happening – the introduction of a national carbon price in China.

In just over a month China will begin a massive experiment in emissions trading when the first of seven regional pilot schemes kicks off (and which one day may develop into a national scheme).

The stakes are high. China emits one-quarter of the world’s greenhouse gases. It is easily the world’s largest consumer of coal. In 2011 it released an estimated 9.7 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide – more than the US and India combined.

In his speech Garnaut painted a cautious, but encouraging, picture of where China stands on climate change.

Read more here

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Monique Abud

Centre d'études sur la Chine moderne et contemporaine, EHESS, Paris, France

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Internationalization of Chinese firms: growth, motivations, strategies

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Working paper by Xavier Richet, L’internationalisation des firmes chinoises : croissance, motivations, stratégies, Séminaire BRICs, EHESS/Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 15/01/2013.  Full text available in French on the multi-disciplinary open access archive HAL-SHS.

Like other emerging economies of the BRIC countries, China witnesses now an increasing outflow of foreign direct investment (OFDI) while maintaining a high attractiveness for inward foreign direct investment (IFDI). The recent rapid development of China in part is based on the presence of IFDI that facilitated technological upgrading and allowed many firms to match the standards of Western companies in a variety of industries, including medium and advanced technologies. For specialists and Chinese political and business leaders, the results are mixed; Western firms located in China restrict the transfer of technology to maintain their competitive advantage. Chinese OFDI have experienced very strong growth during the last decade thanks in part to financial resources accumulated, in part by the willingness to seek supplies of raw materials to maintain the high growth rate of GDP. But they also develop in manufacturing, services, and financial sectors. The paper points out the various factors that lead Chinese firms to internationalize: access to markets, to resources, to technology. Beyond government subsidies, what specific factors allow Chinese firms to compete successfully? Facing competition from large Western multinationals, Chinese firms are able to develop specific strategies to facilitate their learning, their relations with large firms, their growth. The success of these companies should be confirmed in the medium and long term. For many observers, most companies at the moment are not yet truly internationalized. They often seek to acquire resources and to repatriate it in China.

Download the working paper

Jacqueline Nivard

Jacqueline Nivard, Centre d'études sur la Chine moderne et contemporaine

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The Transition to producer services in China: opportunities and obstacles

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Daniels, P W (2012) The transition to producer services in China: opportunities and obstacles, in Anthony G O Yeh and Fiona F Yang (eds.) Producer Services in China: Economic and Urban Development. London: Routledge, pp.  29-51.

While knowledge and innovation transfer via foreign producer services with a presence in China (attracted by the major inward invested manufacturing activities) will be important, a transition towards domestic supply of producer services attuned to the needs and expectations of domestic, and ultimately international, business clients will be important.  China is also investing in major domestic infrastructure projects, including schools, hospitals, roads and railways that also stimulate demand for an improved supply of high quality, innovative producer services (logistics, marketing, design, construction, financial, business and professional) that are suitably distributed across the Chinese city system.  But this is not without difficulties.

The location of most of the leading and economically diverse cities in the coastal regions has left many of the large cities in the inland provinces under-provided with producer services.  Quasi-marketization has created challenges in so far as local and provincial governments, together with the large state-owned enterprises (SOEs), exercise significant influence on the patterns and priorities for investment in cities and regions.  Apart from obvious exceptions such as Shanghai, the more rapid and visible returns from supporting the growth and development of manufacturing eclipse any enthusiasm for initiatives promoting the development of producer services are muted since they are less tangible, difficult in many cases to measure, and the benefits may only be evident over the medium or long term (say five or more years).  While the policy commitment to the development of producer services in progressive cities like Shanghai is commendable it is far from the norm and in any event tends to be couched in terms of physical development (such as dedicated zones for various types of services) rather than ‘softer’ regulatory or other instruments tailored to the needs of producer services.

There remain as many questions as there are answers about the most efficient and effective ways to ‘bring on’ the development of producer services in China in ways that enhance the national economy in general and cities economies in particular.  The agenda for some recently commenced research on urbanization, economic development and producer services as part of a four-year EU-China Collaborative Research Programme (URBACHINA) is outlined.

Sebastien Goulard

Ph.D. in political science (EHESS, Paris); M.A. in social sciences (EHESS, Paris); M.A. in international relations (IRIS, Paris), B.A. (Hons) in international political studies (ESE - Nottingham Trent University)

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China’s low-carbon industrial zones

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On November 22, 2011, the State Council – China’s highest executive body of state power – issued a document on the country’s policy response to climate change1, which called for low-carbon trials at industrial zones, communities and businesses. Industry accounting for 60% of all urban greenhouse-gas emissions, attention turned to industrial zones. But there were no models to follow, and no single set of plans or standards. Many low-carbon industrial zones just “went their own way”.

This year, the US Institute for Sustainable Communities (ISC) released a guide for the development of green industrial parks inChina. The assessment system includes 23 measures across four major categories:

  • energy use and greenhouse-gas management;
  • recycling economy and environmental protection;
  • zone management and protection mechanisms;
  • and planning layout and land use.

Energy use and greenhouse-gas management accounts for 60% of a zone’s score, and as such is the key element of evaluation.

  1. Chun, Zhang (2012) China’s low-carbon zones lack motivation, guidance and idea http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5318-China-s-low-carbon-zones-lack-motivation-guidance-and-ideas (accessed 8 November 2012) [↩]

Luis Balula

Ph.D. Urban Planning and Public Policy (Rutgers University, New Jersey); M.Sc. Urban Affairs (Boston University); Architect (Technical University of Lisbon). Urban and regional planning consultant. Research fellow at Instituto de Ciencias Sociais – Universidade de Lisboa.

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On development path of creative industries in urban old industrial area in China: a case study of Shijingshan, Beijing

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Yin Yimei 尹贻梅, Liu Zhigao 刘志高, Liu Weidong 刘卫东, Dai Juncheng 戴俊骋, « Chengshi lao gongye qu chuangyi zhuanxing lujing yanjiu: Yi beijing shijingshan yu yi sheng, chongqing daxue 城市老工业区创意转型路径研究:以北京石景山为例 », Dili yu dili xinxi kexue, 2011, Vol. 27, N° 6, pp. 55-60.

The transformation and reconstruction of urban old industrial areas is always an urgent and hot topic to study. In recent years, developing creative industries has become an important strategic initiative of fulfilling old industrial areas′ revitalization in developed countries and regions. The current studies on creative transformation of old industrial areas mainly focus on the status and effectiveness of creative transformation of old industrial zone, but seldom concern the mechanism of transformation from theoretical perspective. In this paper, the theories of path dependence and path creation are employed as the theoretical tools to study on the mechanism and path of the creative transformation in old industrial area, with Shijingshan, Beijing as an example. The paper first explains the concepts of path dependence, lock-in, path creation and their application in explaining the transformation of old industrial area; and then analyzes the historical origin of Shijingshan old industrial areas and its problems, then explores the creative transformation paths of Shijingshan, putting forwards three main paths, i. e., the industrial design and development, digital entertainment and recreation tourism industry; finally, this paper concludes with the responsibilities that the government should take in the transition process.

Other articles written by Liu Weidong in 2011-2012

  • Liu Weidong 刘卫东, Liu Hongguang 刘红光, Fan Xiaomei 范晓梅, Chen Jie 陈杰, Tang Zhipeng 唐志鹏, «Diqu jian maoyi liuliang de chanye – kongjian moxing goujian yu yingyong 地区间贸易流量的产业—空间模型构建与应用» ( Sector-Specific spatial statistic model for estimating inter-regional trade flows: a case study of agricultural, chemical and electronic sectors in China), Dili xuebao, Vol, 67, N°2, 2012, pp. 147-156.
  •  Yang Hongmei 杨红梅, Liu Weidong 刘卫东, Liu Hongguang 刘红光, « Tudi shichang fazhan dui tudi jiyue liyong de yingxiang 土地市场发展对土地集约利用的影响» (Effects of land market development on land use intensity), Zhongguo renkou ziyuan yu huanjing, Vol. 21, N°12, 2011, pp. 129-133.
  •  Liu Weidong 刘卫东, Jin Fengjun 金凤君, Zhang Wenzhong 张文忠, He Canfei 贺灿飞, Liu Zhigao 刘志高, « Zhongguo jingji dili xue yanjiu jinzhan yu zhanwang 中国经济地理学研究进展与展望» (Progress in economic geography 2006-2011), Dili kexue jinzhan, Vol 30, N°12, 2011, pp. 1479-1487.

All the articles are available on the CNKI.

Chi-Han Ai

Ph.D. candidate of EHESS ( École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris) focusing on regional economic development in China and Taiwan.

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